The GOSPEL TRUTH

  Labors in the Tabernacle, Moor Fields, London

 

I had accepted Dr. Campbell's cordial invitation to supply his pulpit for a time and accordingly after the May meetings were over I put in in earnest for a revival, though I said no such thing to Dr. Campbell, or anybody else, for some weeks. I preached a course of sermons designed to convict the people of sin as deeply and as universally as possible. I saw from Sabbath to Sabbath, and from evening to evening, that the Word was taking great effect. On Sabbath day I preached morning and evening, and I also preached on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday evenings. On Monday evening we had a general prayer meeting in the Tabernacle. At each of those meetings I addressed them on the subject of prayer. Our congregations were very large, and always on Sabbath and Sabbath evenings the house was crowded to its utmost capacity.

Religion had so declined throughout London at that time, that very few weekly sermons were preached; and I recollect that Dr. Campbell said to me once, that he believed I preached to more people during the week evenings than all the rest of the ministers in London together. I have said that Dr. Campbell had the salary belonging to the pastor in his congregation. But this salary he did not use for himself, at least more than a part of it, because he supplied the pulpit at his own expense, and performed such parochial duties as it was possible for him to perform under such a pressure of editorial labors. I found Dr. Campbell to be an earnest, but a very belligerent man. He was always given to controversy. To use an American expression, he was given to "pitching into" everybody and everything that did not comport with his views of things. In this way he did a great deal of good, and occasionally, I feared, a good deal of harm. After preaching for several weeks in the manner that I have described, I knew that it was time to call for inquirers. But Dr. Campbell, I perceived, had no such idea in his mind. Indeed he had not sat where he could witness what was going on in the congregation as I could from the pulpit, and if he had done, he probably would not have understood it. They had a practice in that church of holding a Communion service every alternate Sabbath evening. On these occasions they would have a short sermon, then dismiss the congregation, and all would retire except those that had tickets for the Communion service, who would remain while that ordinance was celebrated.

On the Sabbath morning to which I have referred I said to Dr. Campbell: "You have a Communion service tonight, and I must have a meeting of inquiry in the meantime. Have you any room anywhere on the premises to which I can invite inquirers after preaching?" He hesitated, and expressed doubts whether there were any that would attend such a meeting as that. However, as I pressed the thing upon him he replied: "Yes, there is the infant schoolroom, to which you might invite them." I inquired how many persons it would accommodate. He replied, "From twenty to thirty, or perhaps forty." "O," I said, "that is not half large enough. Have you not a larger room?" At this he expressed astonishment, and inquired if I thought that there was interest enough in the congregation to warrant any such invitation as I had intended to give. I told him there were hundreds of inquirers in the congregation. But at this he laughed, and said it was impossible. I asked him if he had not a larger room. "Why yes," he said, "there is the British School room. But that will hold fifteen or sixteen hundred; of course you don't want that." "Yes," said I, "that is the very room. Where is it?" "O," said he, "surely you will not venture to appoint a meeting there. Not half as many would attend, I presume, as could get into the infant schoolroom." Said he, "Mr. Finney, remember you are in England, and in London--and that you are not acquainted with our people. You might get people to attend such a meeting, under such a call as you propose to make, in America, but you will not get people to attend here. Remember that our evening service is out before the sun is down at this time of year. And do you suppose that in the midst of London, under an invitation to those that are seeking the salvation of their souls and are anxious on that subject, that they will single themselves out right in the day time, and under such a call as that, publicly given, to attend such a meeting as that?" I replied to him: "Dr. Campbell, I know what the state of the people is better than you do. The Gospel is as well adapted to the English people as to the American people; and I have no fears at all that the pride of the people will prevent their responding to such a call, any more than that of the people in America."

I insisted on having him tell me where that room was, and so to specify it that I could point it out to the people, and make the appeal that I intended to make. After a good deal of discussion the Doctor reluctantly consented, but told me expressly that I must take the responsibility on myself, that he would not share it. I replied that I expected to take the responsibility, and was prepared to do so. He then gave me particular directions about the location of the place, which was but a little distance from the Tabernacle. The people had to pass up Cowper St. toward City Road a few rods, and turn through a narrow passage to the British School room building. We then went to meeting, and I preached in the morning, and again at evening--that is, I think at six o'clock, if I recollect the hour. I preached a short sermon, and then informed the people what I desired. I called upon all who were anxious for their souls, and who were then disposed immediately to make their peace with God, to attend a meeting for instruction adapted to their state of mind. I was very particular in regard to the class of persons invited. I said: "Professors of religion are not invited to attend this meeting. There is to be a Communion service here; let them remain here. Careless sinners are not invited to this meeting. Those, and those only, are expected to attend who are not Christians, but who are anxious for the salvation of their souls, and wish instruction given them directly upon the question of their present duty to God." This I repeated over so as not to be misunderstood. Dr. Campbell listened with great attention, and I presume he expected, since I had restricted my appeal to such a class, that very few, if any, would attend. I was determined not to have the mass of the people go into that room; and furthermore that those who did go, should go with the express understanding that they were inquiring sinners. I was particular on this point, not only for the sake of the results of the meeting, but to convince Dr. Campbell that his view of the subject was a mistaken one. I felt entirely confident that there was a great amount of conviction in the congregation, and that hundreds were prepared to respond to such a call at once. I was perfectly confident that I was not premature in making such a call. I therefore proceeded very particularly to point out the class of persons whom I wished to attend, and the place where, and the manner in which they would find it. I then dismissed the meeting, and the congregation retired.

Dr. Campbell nervously and anxiously looked out of the window to see which way the congregation went; and to his great astonishment Cowper St. was perfectly crammed with people, sidewalks and all, pressing up to get into the British School room. I passed out, and went up with the crowd, and waited at the entrance till the multitude went in. When I entered I found the room packed. Dr. Campbell's impression was that there were not less than fifteen or sixteen hundred present. It was a large room, seated with forms or benches, such as are often used in schoolrooms. There was near the entrance a platform on which the speakers stood whenever they had public meetings, which was of frequent occurrence. I soon discovered that the congregation were pressed with conviction in such a manner that great care needed to be taken to prevent an explosion of irrepressible feeling. It was but a very short time before Dr. Campbell came in himself. Observing such a crowd gather he was full of anxiety to be present; and consequently pressed through with his Communion services in as few moments as possible, and came into the meeting of inquiry. He looked amazed at the crowd present, and especially at the amount of feeling manifested. I addressed them for a short time on the question of immediate duty; and endeavored, as I always do, to make them understand that God required of them now and here to submit themselves entirely to His will, to ground their weapons of rebellion, make their submission to Him as their rightful Sovereign, and accept Jesus as their only Redeemer.

I had been in England long enough to feel the necessity of being very particular in giving them such instructions as would do away their idea of waiting God's time. London is, and long has been, cursed with hyper-Calvinistic preaching. I therefore aimed my remarks at the subversion of those ideas in which I supposed many of them had been educated, for but few persons present, I supposed, belonged properly to Dr. Campbell's congregation. Indeed, he had himself told me that the congregation which he saw from day to day was new to him--that the masses who were thronging there were as much unknown to him as they were to me. I tried therefore in my instructions to guard them on the one hand against hyper-Calvinism, and on the other against that low Arminianism in which I supposed many of them had been educated. I then, after I had laid the Gospel net thoroughly around them, prepared to draw it ashore. As I was about to ask them to kneel down and commit themselves entirely and forever to Christ, a man cried out in the midst of the congregation, in the greatest distress of mind, that he had sinned away his day of grace. I saw that there was danger of an uproar, and I hushed it down as best I could, and called on the people to kneel down, but to keep so quiet, if possible, that they could hear every word of the prayer that I was about to offer. They did by a manifest effort keep so still as to hear what was said, although there was a great sobbing and weeping in every part of the house.

I then dismissed the meeting. After this I held similar meetings, with similar results, frequently on Sabbath evening, while I remained with that congregation, which was in all nine months. The interest rose and extended so far that the inquirers could not be accommodated in that large British School room; and frequently when I saw that the impression on the congregation was very general and deep, after giving them suitable instructions and bringing them face to face with the question of unqualified and present surrender of all to Christ, I would call on those that were prepared in mind to do this to stand up in their places while we offered them to God in prayer. The aisles in that house were so narrow and so packed, that it was impossible to use what was called the anxious seat, or for people to move about at all in the congregation only as they commenced at the door and went out.

Frequently when I made these calls for people to arise and offer themselves while we offered them in prayer, many hundreds would arise; and on some occasions, if the house seated as the measurement to which I have referred affirmed it to do, not less than two thousand people have arisen when an appeal was made. Indeed it would appear from the pulpit as if nearly the whole congregation arose. And yet I would make such discriminations as would lead them to understand that I did not call upon church members, but simply upon inquirers to stand up and commit themselves to God.

In the midst of this work a circumstance occurred which will illustrate the extent of the religious interest connected with that congregation at that time. When I say as connected with that congregation, however, I do not mean those that belonged there, but those that attended our meetings from different parts of the city during this great revival. The circumstance to which I allude was this. The dissenters in England had been for a good while endeavoring to persuade the government and the parliament to have more respect in their action, than they were wont to do, to the dissenting interest in that country. But they had always been answered in a way that implied that the dissenting interest was small as compared with that of the established church. So much had been said on this subject that the government determined to take measures to ascertain the relative strength of the two parties, that is of the dissenters and Church of England.

On a certain Saturday night, without any previous warning or notice whatever that should lead the people anywhere to understand or even suspect the movement, a request was secretly sent to every place of worship in the kingdom, requesting that individuals should be selected to stand at the doors of all the churches, and chapels, and places of worship in the whole kingdom on the next Sabbath morning, to take the census of all that entered houses of worship of every denomination. Such a notice was sent to Dr. Campbell, but I did not know it till afterwards. But in obedience to directions he placed men at every door of the Tabernacle, with instructions to count every person that went in during the morning service. This was done, as I understood, throughout the whole of Great Britain. In this way they ascertained the relative strength of the two parties; in other words, they ascertained which had the most worshippers on Sabbath, the dissenters or the established church. I believe this census proved that the dissenters were in a majority. But however this may be, the number that entered the Tabernacle was very great. This occurred not long before I left England, and not until I was there the second time was I aware of the facts as connected with Dr. Campbell's Tabernacle. He told me that the men stationed at the doors of the Tabernacle reported many thousands more than could at any one time get into the house. I forget how many, but I know the number was enormously great. It was common on the Sabbath for great multitudes to throng around in the open space on the outside of the Tabernacle, and for as many as could to stand here and listen on the outside. But of the throng without, people were constantly coming and going. Many would get within the doors, and either would not hear or were uncomfortable, and would go out again. None were counted except those that came within the door, and as I said, these numbered many thousands more than the Tabernacle could hold. The fact is that the interest at that time was so great, that had there been a place of worship that would hold twenty or even forty thousand, I have no doubt but that it would have been just as full as the Tabernacle that held somewhat more than three thousand.

I mention this to give some little idea of the manner in which the work extended. Where they all came from Dr. Campbell did not know, and no one could tell; but that hundreds and thousands of them were converted, there is no reason to doubt. Indeed I saw and conversed with vast numbers, and labored in this way to the full extent of my strength.

On Saturday evening inquirers and converts would come to the study for conversation. Great numbers came every week, and conversions multiplied beyond any possibility of keeping any account of them. People came, as I learned, from every part of the city. Many people have walked several miles every Sabbath to attend our meetings. Soon I began to be accosted in the streets, as I was in different parts of the city, by people who knew me, and who had been greatly blessed in attending our meetings. Thousands of persons knew me whom I had never seen, to know them. Indeed the Word of God was blessed, greatly blessed in London at that time. Dr. Campbell was not himself personally popular with the people of London, and I was aware at the time that comparatively few of the converts would ever unite with his church. However, I believe about two hundred of them did join his church.

One day Dr. Campbell requested me to go in and make a few remarks to the scholars in the British School room. I did so, and began by asking them what they proposed to do with their education, and dwelt upon their responsibility in that respect. I tried to show them how much good they might do, and how great a blessing their education would be to them and to the world if they used it aright, and what a great curse it would be to them and to the world if they used it selfishly. The address was short, but that point was strongly urged upon them. Dr. Campbell afterward remarked to me, that a goodly number--I forget now how many--had been received to the church who were at that time awakened and led to seek the salvation of their souls. He mentioned it as a remarkable fact, because, he said, he had no expectation that such a result would follow. The fact is, that the ministers in England, as well as in this country, had lost sight, in a great measure, of the necessity of pressing present obligation home upon the consciences of the people. "Why," said Dr. Campbell when he told me of this, "I don't understand it. You did not say anything but what anybody else might have said just as well." "Yes," I replied, "they might have said it, but would they have said it? Would they have made as direct and pointed an appeal to the consciences of those young people as I did?" This is the difficulty. Ministers talk about sinners, and they say they, and they instead of you. They address them in such a way as not to leave the impression that God commands them now and here to repent, and thus they throw their ministry away.

People have sometimes called me crazy, because I addressed sinners as if I expected them then and there to become Christians. But if I believe the Gospel what else should I expect? As I have before said, when I first began to preach, my old pastor, Brother Gale, used to insist upon it that I would offend the people, and that they would not come to hear me. But he soon found out that the throngs that would continue to come were so great that no house could hold them. He then insisted that it would not wear, that the people would soon become disgusted and hardened and would not continue to attend my ministry. But this prediction as utterly failed as everything else that he used to urge upon me by way of objecting to my manner of preaching the Gospel. The fact is, as I have said, the education he had received at Princeton had totally unfitted him for the work of winning souls to Christ; and he had told me, soon after my conversion, that he did not know that he had ever been the instrument of converting a soul in his life. I did not wonder, for though a talented man, there was nothing in his mode of preaching until after the great change occurred in his mind of which I have spoken, that was calculated to convert anybody. Indeed I have seldom heard a sermon that seemed to be constructed with the intention of bringing sinners at once face to face with their present duty to God. Instead of this they have written essays, often, indeed, fine specimens of rhetoric and correct theology; but you would scarcely get the idea from the sermons that are heard either in this country or in England, that the ministers expected to be instrumental in convening anybody in the house at that time. You would not get the idea that he expected it, or that he intended it.

A fact was related to me some time ago, that will illustrate what I have said. Two young men who were acquaintances, but had very different views of preaching the Gospel, were settled over congregations at no great distance from each other. One of them had a powerful revival in his congregation; the other had none. One was having continual accessions to his church, and the other none. Meeting one day, the one who had no accessions to his church inquired what was the cause of the difference between them, and asked if he might not take one of his brother's sermons and preach it, and see if it had any different effect from his own. It was consented to, and he took one of his neighbor's sermons, made himself familiar with the handwriting, and preached it to his people. It was a sermon, though written, yet constructed for the purpose of bringing sinners face to face with their duty to God. He went on and preached it, and before he was through he observed several of his congregation in tears; and at the close he saw that many were very much affected, and remained in their seats weeping. He thereupon made a profound apology, saying he hoped he had not hurt any of their feelings, for he did not intend it!

When in London at this time, my own mind was greatly exercised in view of the moral desolation of that vast city. There were not places of worship enough in the city as I learned, to accommodate but a small part of the inhabitants. But while I was there I was greatly interested in a movement that sprang up among the Episcopalians. Numbers of their ministers came in and attended our meetings. One of the rectors, a Mr. Allen, became very much engaged, and made up his mind that he would try to promote a revival in his own great parish. As he afterwards informed me, he went around and established twenty prayer meetings in his parish at different points. He went to preaching with all his might directly to the people. The Lord greatly blessed his labors, and before I left there he informed me that not less than fifteen hundred persons had been hopefully converted in his parish. Several other Episcopal ministers got greatly stirred up and quickened in their souls, and went to holding protracted or continuous services. When I left London there were four or five different Episcopal churches that were holding daily meetings, and making efforts to promote a revival. In every instance, I believe, they were greatly blessed and refreshed. Indeed the nine months' labors at that time performed in London, by the blessing of God made a mighty and lasting impression upon that city. It introduced new ideas into the minds of the people, thousands were awakened and converted, and multitudes of old professors stirred up and set to work. It was ten years before I visited London again to labor; and I found, as I was told, that the work had never ceased; that it had been going on, and enlarging its borders, and spreading in different directions. I found many of the converts, the second time I visited there, laboring in different parts of London in various ways, and with great success. The results in Dr. Campbell's congregation I shall have occasion to mention when I narrate the movements that occurred when I was there ten years afterwards.

I have said my mind was greatly exercised about the state of London. I was scarcely ever more drawn out in prayer for any city or place than I was for London. Sometimes when I prayed in public especially, it seemed, with the multitudes before me, as if I could not stop praying; and that the Spirit of prayer would almost draw me out of myself in pleadings for the people, and for the city at large. I had hardly more than arrived in England before I began to receive multitudes of invitations to go to preach for the purpose of taking up collections for different objects: to pay the pastor's salary, to help them pay for their chapel, or to raise money for the Sabbath School--or for some object. It seemed as if the great idea of the people was to get great collections, and that this was the object in having me come to different parts of England, and had I complied with their requests I could have done nothing else. But I declined to go in answer to any such call. I told them I had not come to England to get money for myself or for them. My object was to win souls to Christ. Consequently I did not spend my time in sight-seeing, or running here and there to attend to anything but the express business of winning souls to Christ.

After I had preached for Dr. Campbell for about four months and a half, I became very hoarse; and my wife's health also became much affected by the climate, and by our intense labors. And here I must commence more particularly a recital of what God did by her.

Up to this time she had attended and taken part only in female meetings, and those were so new a thing in England that she had done but little thus far in that way. But while we were at Dr. Campbell's a request was made that she should attend a tea meeting which they are in the habit in England of having when they wish to get any particular class of persons together--of poor women, without education and without religion. Such a meeting was called by some of the benevolent Christian gentlemen and ladies, and my wife was urgently requested to attend it. She consented, having no thought that gentlemen would remain in the meeting while she made her address. However, when she got there she found the place crowded, and in addition to the females a considerable number of gentlemen, who were greatly interested in the results of the meeting. She waited a little, expecting that they would retire. But as they remained, and expected her to take charge of the meeting, she arose, and I believe apologized for being called to speak in public, informing them that she had never been in the habit of doing so.

She had then been my wife but a little more than a year, and had never been abroad with me to labor for revivals until we went to England. She made an address to them at this meeting, as she informed me after she came to our lodgings, of about three quarters of an hour long, and with very manifest good results. The poor women present seemed to be greatly moved and interested; and when my wife had done speaking, some of the gentlemen present arose and expressed their great satisfaction at what they had heard. They said they had had prejudices against women speaking in public; but they could see no objection to it under such circumstances, and they saw that it was manifestly calculated to do great good. They therefore requested her to attend other similar meetings, which she did. When she returned to me she told me what she had done, and said that she did not know but it would excite the prejudices of the people of England, and perhaps do more harm than good. I feared this myself, and so expressed myself to her. Yet I believe I did not advise her to keep still, and not attend any more such meetings; but after considering it, I on the other hand encouraged it. From that time she became more and more accustomed, while we remained in England, to that kind of labor, and after we returned home she continued to labor with her own sex in connection with my labors wherever we went to labor for the promotion of revivals. Upon this I shall have occasion to enlarge when l speak of the revivals in which she bore a very prominent share in our labors.

There were a great number of most interesting cases of conversion in London at that time, of almost all classes of society. I preached a great deal on confession and restitution the results of which were truly wonderful. Almost every form of crime was thus searched out and confessed. Hundreds, and I believe thousands of pounds sterling were paid over to make restitution. After I left London at this time Dr. Campbell published a pamphlet or little book, in which he gave some account of my labors, and a copy of which I now possess; and should this which I am now writing ever be published, it might be interesting to insert at least extracts from this little book.

But I said that both myself and wife became hoarse. Every one acquainted with London is aware that from early in November till the next March the city is very gloomy, very damp, dark, smoky, and has a miserable atmosphere either to breathe or to speak in. We went there early in May. In September my friend Brown, of whom I have spoken, called on us in London; and seeing the state of health that we were both in, he said: "This will never do. You must go to France, or somewhere on the Continent where they cannot understand your language, for there is no rest for you in England as long as you are able to speak at all." After talking the matter over we concluded to take his advice, and go for a little while to France. He handed me fifty pounds sterling to meet our expenses. We went to Paris, and various other places in France. We sedulously avoided making any acquaintances, and kept ourselves as quiet as possible. The influence of the change of climate upon my wife's health was very marked. She recovered her full tone of strength very rapidly. I gradually got over my hoarseness, and after an absence of about six weeks we returned to our labors in the Tabernacle, where we continued to labor till early in the next April we left for home.

I left England with great reluctance. But circumstances had occurred here that seemed to render it necessary for the stability of our college that I should return. We had become greatly interested in the people of England, and desired very much to remain there and protract our labors. We sailed in a large packet ship, the Southampton from London. On the day that we sailed a great multitude of people who had been interested in our labors, gathered upon the wharf. A great majority of them were young converts. The ship had to wait for the tide, and to get all her emigrants on board, and for several hours there was a vast crowd of people in the open space around the ship, waiting to see us off. Tearing away as we did from such a multitude of loving hearts, completely overcame the strength of my wife. As soon as the ship was clear of the dock she retired to our state room with a violent headache, from which she did not recover for many hours. I remained upon the deck and watched the waving of their handkerchiefs and the holding up of their hats, and the various manifestations which they made, until we were swept down the river by the tide aided by two steam tugs out of sight. Thus closed our labors in England, the first time that we visited there.

 

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